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Turabian Citation Rules at a Glance

Turabian is adapted from Chicago style specifically for student papers, theses, and dissertations.
Like Chicago Notes-Bibliography, it uses numbered footnotes plus a full alphabetical bibliography.
A full note is given the first time a source is cited; later notes for the same source can be shortened.
Turabian also has an Author-Date variant, used mainly in the sciences and social sciences.

Turabian Citation Examples

Footnote

1. John Smith, "Sleep Deprivation and Executive Function," Journal of Cognitive Science 12, no. 3 (2020): 47.

Bibliography

Smith, John. "Sleep Deprivation and Executive Function." Journal of Cognitive Science 12, no. 3 (2020): 45–67.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Turabian the same as Chicago style?

Turabian is based directly on Chicago style but is streamlined for students writing papers and theses, rather than for authors preparing work for publication. The citation formats are nearly identical.

Want the complete rules with more examples and edge cases? Read the full Turabian citation guide.

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